Berikut ini daftar komponen yang diperlukan :
R1 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
R2 = 0,47 Ohm
R3 = 220 Ohm
R4 = 3,9 Kilo Ohm
R5 = 2,2 Kilo Ohm
R6 = 2,2 Kilo Ohm
R7 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R8 = 4,7 Kilo Ohm
R9 = 150 Ohm
R10 = 39 Ohm
R11 = 3,3 Kilo Ohm
R12 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R13 = 4,7 Ohm
R14 = 1 Ohm
R15 = 39 Ohm
R16 = 1 Ohm
R17 = 220 Ohm
R18 = 22 Ohm
R19 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
R20 = 10 Kilo Ohm
R21 = 220 Ohm
R22 = 680 Ohm
R23 = 3,9 Kilo Ohm
R24 = 18 Kilo Ohm
R25 = 100 Ohm
R26 = 18 Kilo Ohm
R27 = 680 Ohm
R28 = 1,2 Kilo Ohm
P1 = 1 Kilo Ohm
D1 = 1N4002-7
D2 = 1N4002-7
D3 = 1N4148
D4 = 1N4148
D5 = 1N4148
D6 = 1N4148
D7 = 1N4148
D8 = 1N4148
Q1 = BDW84D
Q2 = BD829
Q3 = BC546
Q4 = BC556
Q5 = BC556
Q6 = BC556
Q7 = BC548
Q8 = BC546
Q9 = BDW83D
Q10 = BD830
Q11 = BC556
C1 = 10uF/63V
C2 = 33pF
C3 = 270pF
C4 = 100nF
C5 = 2,2uF/63V
C6 = 100uF/35V
C7 = 120pF
C8 = 100nF
C9 = 10uF/63V
2. Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus
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Daftar komponen Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus elektronika:
R1 … 1K
R2,R3 … 15K
C1 … 1nF
C2 … 1uF/16V
C3 … 10nF
C4 … 220nF
C5 … 1000uF/16V
D1.D4 … 1N 4001
IC1 … 555
Tr1 … Trafo 6V/200mA
TD1 … speaker tweeter bentuk corong
F1 … Fuse/sekring 50 mA
Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus Elektronik adalah sebuah oscilator yang mengeluarkan gelombang ultrasonic pada kisaran frekuensi 20 – 40 KHz. Gelombang ultrasonic yang dihasilkannya tidak akan terdengar di telinga kita tapi akan sangat mengganggu sekali bagi telinga tikus.
Untuk menghindari tikus menjadi kebal terhadap Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus Elektronik, maka Base Frequency dimodulir dengan signal 50 Hz yang didapat dari frekuensi tegangan jala-jala PLN melalui kapasitor C4 sehingga akan dihasilkan ayunan frekuensi antara 20 – 40 KHz secara periodik. Efek yang dialami tikus akan terasa sangat dasyat, seolah-olah seperti kita berada pada sebuah konser music amburadul dengan irama yang acak-acakan dan tidak bisa dinikmati sama sekali, plus sa’at itu kita lagi sakit gigi!! Bisa dibayangkan, music trust-metal mungkin masih jauh lebih indah dibanding suara alat ini
Jantung rangkaian pengusir tikus elektronik adalah sebuah IC tipe 555. Gunakan loudspeaker dari piezo electric atau speaker tweeter bentuk corong agar frekuensi ultrasonic-nya lebih nendang dan efektif. Pengusir tikus elektronik ini efektif untuk ruangan seluas maksimal 200 m2 asal penempatannya tepat. Bisa diletakkan di pojok atas ruangan agar frekuensi noise-nya bisa menyebar ke seluruh ruangan tanpa halangan. Nyalakan secara terus menerus untuk menjaga agar tikus tidak datang lagi, tidak usah khawatir dengan konsumsi listriknya karena daya listrik yang dibutuhkan cukup rendah, masih lebih besar lampu bohlam 5 watt/220 volt. Pengaturan frekuensi dsb. tidak diperlukan pada Rangkaian Pengusir Tikus Elektronik ini.
Rangkaian ini sangat sederhana hanya terdiri dari beberapa komponen. Anda bisa menggabungkan atau menerapkan aplikasi rangkaian ini misalnya ke peralatan Audio (amplifier) yang pernah anda rakit sebelumnya ataupun diaplikasikan untuk peralatan elektronik lainnya, sehingga anda tidak lagi menggunakan saklar manual, lebih kereeen khan ?..
Pada umumya peralatan elektronika modern saat ini sudah tidak banyak yang dioperasikan secara manual (saklar manual) dan tergeser oleh peralatan elektronika yang dioperasikan digital. Rangkaian saklar on/off dibawah ini adalah salah satu contoh operasi digital :
Skema Rangkaian Saklar On-Off Digital |
Rangkaian elektronika pengusir nyamuk yang saya berikan ini termasuk dalam rangkaian elektronika yang sederhana. Karena kesederhanaannya inilah yang membuatnya mudah untuk dipelajari bagi seorang pemula sekalipun. Selain itu, untuk membuatnya tidak diperlukan biaya tinggi alias sangat murah. Namun demikian aplikasi dari rangkaian ini tentunya tetap sangat bermanfaat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita yaitu mengusir nyamuk dari rumah kita. Bahkan dengan alat ini kita juga dapat menggunakannya diluar ruangan, semisal ketika ngeronda ataupun sekedar santai di halaman.
Selain sebagai pengusir nyamuk, rangkaian ini juga bisa digunakan pada jenis serangga ataupun jenis binatang penggangu lainnya. Contohnya adalah pada kecoa dan tikus. Prinsip utama bagaimana rangkaian ini bekerja adalah dengan berdasarkan bahwa serangga atau jenis binatang pengganggu lainnya sangatlah sensitif kepada beberapa frekuensi suara, terutama frekuensi suara yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, disaat rangkaian ini dihidupkan akan membuat jenis-jenis hewan tersebut merasa terganggu dan menjauhkan diri dari alat ini. Berbeda dengan manusia yang tidak dapat mendengar frekuensi suara yang tinggi, maka tentunya tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan suara bagi kita yang berada didekatnya sekalipun.
Untuk gambar dari rangkaian elektronika pengusir nyamuk sendiri, banyak rupanya. Namun saya coba pilihkan yang paling menarik untuk dicoba aplikasikan yaitu bekerjanya secara otomatis karena dikendalikan oleh Light Depending Resistor/ LDR. Alat ini akan menyala dengan sendirinya bila berada di lokasi yang gelap, dan sebaliknya akan mati bila dilokasi terang. Dengan begini alat akan otomatis bekerja jika lampu kamar kita dimatikan.
Perlu diingat kembali ya bahwa rangkaian ini menggunakan speaker untuk mengeluarkan frekuensi yang sama dikeluarkan oleh nyamuk jantan. Pada waktu bukannya musim untuk kawin, maka nyamuk betina akan menjauhi frekuensi ini. Dengan begitu nyamuk betina yang menghisap darah tidak akan ada disekitar alat ini, sedangkan nyamuk jantan memang tidak menghisap darah. Namun pada musim kawin yang terjadi adalah sebaliknya yaitu nyamuk akan tertarik untuk mendekatinya. Karena itu pilih-pilih saja waktu yang tepat. Oh iya, bila diperdalam lagi mengenai nyamuk maka nyamuk tidak memiliki mata. Mereka berkomunikasi memakai antena yang ada dikepalanya untuk menangkap frekuensi disekitarnya. Selengkapnya bisa disimak pada rangkaian dibawah ini:
Komponen yang diperlukan dari rangkaian diatas adalah N1, N2, N3 = IC4011 dengan transistor tipe NPN biasa. Kemudian C1 = 100mkro Farad, C2=100nf, dan C3=10nf. Nah, silahkan dicoba ya Rangkaian Elektronika Pengusir Nyamuk ini
5.RANKAIAN ELEKTRONIKA SWITCH INFRA MERAH
saklar infra merah switch.dengan alat ini berfungsi untuk mendeteksi sinar infra merah yang di pancarkan remot control sehingga alat ini dapat berfungsi sebagai saklar dengan bantuan relay untuk menghubungkan beban listrik apa bila anda berminat hubungi saya.
6. MEMBUAT LAY OUT RANGKAIAN PADA PCB DENGAN TEKNIK PEMINDAHAN TONER
Sedang untuk membuat lay out rangkaian membutuhkan software bantu Eagle 4.11.
Berikut ini adalah cara membuat lay out rangkaian pada PCB dengan teknik pemindahan toner :
1) Cetak lay out atas rangkaian pada kertas majalah (glosi).
2) Gunakan printer toner seperti laser jet. Printer tinta tidak dapat digunakan untuk proses ini. Jika tidak memiliki printer toner, cetak gambar di atas kertas putih, kemudian gambar difoto kopi di atas kertas majalah, atau kalender, atau kertas foto, atau plastik transparan.
3) Untuk membuat lay out atas rangkaian gunakan program bantu seperti Eagle, atau DipTrace, atau PCB Artist.
4) Potong lay out atas yang sudah dicetak pada kertas dengan ukuran tepi 3 mm.
5) Potong PCB polos seukuran lay out atas.
6) Amplas atau kikir bagian tepi PCB polos hingga halus.
Foto oleh Xaveria dan Lenny
7) Bersihkan permukaan PCB sisi tembaga dengan amplas halus di bawah keran air.
Foto oleh Xaveria dan Lenny
8) Keringkan PCB, dan siapkan setrika listrik serta alas kain atau kertas putih.
9) Letakkan PCB diatas alas kain atau kertas polos dengan sisi tembaga menghadap ke atas. Taruh potongan kertas lay out atas rangkaian di atas PCB, dengan gambar menghadap sisi tembaga PCB.
10) Lapisi bagian atas potongan kertas dengan kain atau kertas putih. Agar sewaktu disetrika, gambar pada potongan kertas (majalah) tidak menempel pada setrika.
11) Tekan setrika di atas tumpukan PCB, gambar lay out atas, dan kain (kertas putih) selama 30 detik. Ini dilakukan agar gambar menempel pada sisi tembaga PCB.
Foto oleh Xaveria dan Lenny
12) Gosok setrika hingga merata pada seluruh permukaan PCB, khususnya bagian tepi PCB selama lebih kurang 4 menit.
13) Diamkan PCB hingga termperaturnya kembali normal.
Foto oleh Xaveria dan Lenny
14) Masukkan PCB ke dalam air, rendam lebih kurang 5 menit (untuk kertas majalah); untuk bahan kertas yang lebih tebal seperti kalender atau kertas foto, perendaman lebih kurang 10 hingga 15 menit.
15) Cabut atau lepaskan kertas majalah yang menempel pada PCB. Bersihkan bagian jalur yang masih bersinggungan atau lubang kaki komponen dengan cara digosok-gosok.
Foto oleh Xaveria dan Lenny
7.MEMBUAT PAPAN NAMA DARI SUSUNAN LED (2 HURUF)
1) Gunakan LED bening.
2) Warnai bagian atas PCB dengan warna gelap (hitam).
3) Perhatikan spesifikasi LED. Pada percobaan ini gunakan LED bening diameter 5mm
yang memancarkan warna merah, spesifikasi tegangannya sebesar 3 volt.
Cara pemasangan LED :
1) Satu huruf tersusun paling banyak 5 kolom dan 7 row.
2) Satu kolom paling banyak tersusun oleh 6 LED yang diseri.
3) Kemudian kelima kolom dihubung secara paralel.
4) Setiap kolom diberi hambatan, Rx, yang besarnya tergantung pada banyaknya LED dalam satu kolom dan tergantung juga pada jenis LED (pada percobaan ini LED yang digunakan berdiameter 5mm, bening dengan pancaran cahaya merah).
5) Pada kolom yang terdiri dari 6 LED, Rx = 330 ohm; 5 LED, Rx = 560 ohm; 4 LED, Rx=680 ohm
Ingat, ketentuan ini berlaku untuk 5 mm LED bening pancaran cahaya merah.
6) Setiap huruf diberi penguat transistor FCS9013.
Berikut adalah skema satu huruf LED.
Sedang gambar di bawah ini adalah lay out atas papan nama 2 huruf. Untuk membuat papan nama 8 huruf, tinggal disalin dari yang 2 huruf ini.
Berikut ini adalah lay out bawahnya.
Contoh susunan LED pada huruf A dan B :
Nilai Rx pada kolom pertama dan kelima (huruf A) sebesar 560 ohm, karena terdiri dari 5 LED yang tersusun seri. Rx pada kolom kedua, ketiga, dan keempat, sebesar 680 ohm karena terdiri dari 2 LED.
Rx kolom pertama huruf B, 330 ohm. Rx kolom kedua, ketiga, keempat, dan kelima sebesar 680 ohm.
Selamat mencoba ! Semoga SUKSES !
Kalau ada kesulitan bisa dibagikan di forum ini !
8.8 LED BERJALAN (RUNNING LED WITH 74LS164 SHIFT REGISTER)
Komponen utama rangkaian ini adalah IC 555 (timer). R1 dan C1 adalah komponen yang berperan sebagai pembentuk frekuensi gelombang persegi yang dihasilkan oleh rangkaian astabil.
Bentuk persamaannya :
Dibawah ini adalah rangkaian astabil dengan komponen utama IC 555 (ada astabil yang dibangun dari IC 4093 (schmitt trigger)).
10. Penghitung Digital Menggunakan 74LS90
Penghitung Digital Menggunakan 74LS90
Adalah rangkaian penghitung maju 0 s.d 9 dengan IC 74LS90 sebagai komponen utama. Jika pada kaki-kaki input IC (12, 8, 9, 11) berlogika 0, maka pada seven segment akan tampil angka 0. Rangkaian ini secara kontinu menghitung angka mulai dari 0 sampai 9, lalu kembali ke 0 dst.
11. Penggerak Seven Segment
Rangkaian Penggerak Seven SegmentRangkaian ini sangat sederhana, hanya terdiri dari sebuah IC (74LS47), 7 buah resistor (150 ohm s.d 470 ohm) dan sebuah seven segment. Sangat cocok bagi siswa, mahasiswa teknik elektronika (tingkat 1), maupun hobis pemula.
Di bawah ini adalah susunan kaki pada seven segment common anoda (ca).
Angka 0 ditampilkan seven segment, jika input D (kaki 6), C (kaki 2), B (kaki 1), A (kaki 7) dihubung ke ground (jalur negatif bater). Atau dapat dikatakan secara digital D C B A = 0000.12. Rangkaian LED Berjalan
Komponen utama rangkaian ini adalah IC 4017 yang memiliki 10 keluaran (kaki 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11). LED akan menyala satu per satu (model dot). IC 4017 membutuhnya detak yang berasal dari rangkaian astabil.
Skema Rangkaian LED Berjalan
13. Huruf LED
Huruf LED (seri 1)LED dapat disusun menjadi sebuah huruf. Hubungan antar LED dapat dihubung secara seri ataupun paralel. Susunan LED yang ditampilkan pada gambar di bawah ini dihubung secara paralel.
14. Skema Dancing LEDs, Following the Rhythm of Music
Dancing LEDsAn additional circuit allows the driving of up to ten strips, made up by five LEDs each (max.), at 9V supply. It is formed by a 10mA constant current source (Q1 & Q2) common to all LED strips and by a switching transistor (Q3), driving a strip obtained from 2 to 5 series-connected LEDs. Therefore one transistor and its Base resistor are required to drive each of the strips used.
List Component of Dancing LEDs Circuit
- R1: 10K 1/4W Resistor
- R2,R3: 47K 1/4W Resistors
- R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
- R5,R6,R7: 100K 1/4W Resistors
- R8: 820R 1/4W Resistor
- C1,C3: 100nF/63V Ceramic or Polyester Capacitors
- C2: 10µF/50V Electrolytic Capacitor
- C4: 330nF/63V Polyester Capacitor
- C5: 100µF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor
- D1: 1N4148
- D2-D11: LEDs (any type and color)
- IC1: LM358
- IC2: 4017
- M1: electret microphone
- SW1: SPST Switch
- B1: 9V PP3 Battery
- R9,R10: 10K 1/4W Resistors
- R11: 56R 1/4W Resistor
- D12,D13 etc.: LEDs (any type and color)
- Q1,Q2: BC327
- Q3: BC337
- The sensitivity of the circuit can be varied changing R4 value.
- C4 value can be varied from 220 to 470nF in order to change the circuit speed-response to music peaks.
- Adopting the additional circuit, only one item for R10, R11, Q1 and Q2 is required to drive up to ten LED strips. On the contrary, one item of R9 and Q3 is necessary to drive each of the strips you decided to use.
- Each R9 input must be connected to IC2 output pins, in place of the LEDs D2-D11 shown. R8 must also be omitted.
- Whishing to use a lower number of LEDs or LED strips, pin #15 of IC2 must be disconnected from ground and connected to the first unused output pin.
- For example: if you decided to use 5 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #1; if you decided to use 8 LEDs, pin #15 of IC2 must be connected to pin #9 etc.
- Current drawing of the circuit is about 10mA.
- Whishing to use a wall-plug adapter instead of a 9V battery, you can supply the circuit at 12V, allowing the use of up to 6 LEDs per strip, or at 15V, allowing the use of up to 7 LEDs per strip.
15.Rangkaian Speaker Protector sederhana
Speaker Protector sederhana16. Rangkaian LED 220VAC Sebagai Lampu Penerangan
- Leds
- Elektronika
- Directories
- Video Watch
- Video Blogs
- Kansas city wedding photographersRangkaian LED 220VAC Sebagai Lampu Penerangan
This is a modified version of the circuit, Super bright LED Night Light published that can directly connect to the netting PLN (220VAC).
Note:
Dangerous..!! this circuit directly connected to the netting of electricity, voltage 220V electricity it could sting you. Avoid working in damp and directly with ground
17. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin
Rangkaian Pendeteksi Angin |
List Component
18. Rangkaian Charge Monitor for 12V battery
This circuit project is a function for monitoring the charge level of 12 volt batteries continuously. The circuit possesses two vital features:- reduces the requirement of human attention by about 85%.
- highly accurate and sophisticated methods.
As per manufacturer's data sheets, a 12V rechargeable battery operated Should be within 10. IV and 13.8V. When the battery charges higher than 13.8V it is said to be overcharged, and it discharges below 10.IV Pls Can it be Deeply discharged. A single event of overcharge or deep discharge Can bring down the charge-holding capacity of a battery by 15 to 20%.
Note:
For calibrating the upper and lower reference levels, a digital multimeter and a variable regulated power supply source are required. For calibrating the lower reference voltage, follow the steps given below:
- Set the output of power supply source to 10. IV.
- Connect the power supply source in place of the battery.
- Now the display will show some reading. At this point vary preset VR2 until the reading on the display just changes from 1 to 0.
- The higher reference voltage is calibrated similarly by setting the power supply to 13.8V and varying preset VR1 until reading on the display just changes from 8 to 9.
How to Work a Circuit of Charge Monitor for 12V Battery
Input from the battery under test is applied to LM3914 1C. This applied voltage is ranked anywhere between 0 and 10, depending upon its magnitude. The lower reference voltage of 10.IV is ranked '0' and the upper voltage of 13.8V is ranked as '10.' (Outputs 9 and 10 are logically ORed in this circuit.) This calibration of reference voltages is explained above.
1C 74LS147 is a decimal-to-BCD priority encoder which converts the output of LM3914 into its BCD complement. The true BCD is obtained by using the hex inverter 74LS04. This BCD output is displayed as a decimal digit after con version using IC5 (74LS247), which is a BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver. The seven-segment LED display (LTS-542) is used because it is easy to read compared to a bar graph or, for that matter, an analogue meter. The charge status of the battery can be quickly calculated from the display. For instance, if the display shows 4, it means that the battery is charged to 40 per cent of its maximum value of 13.8V.
The use of digital principles enables us to employ a buzzer that sounds whenever there is an overcharge or deep discharge, or there is a need to conserve battery charge. A buzzer is wired in the circuit such that it sounds whenever battery-charge falls to ten per cent. At this point it is recommended that unnecessary load be switched off and the remaining charge be conserved for more important purposes.
Another simple combinational logic circuit can also be designed that will sound the buzzer when the display shows 9. Further charging should be stopped at this point in order to pre vent overcharge
19. Rangkaian Magnetic proximity sensors
When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the sensor element for a moment, the contacts of the reed switch close to trigger timer IC1 wired in monostable mode. As a consequence its output at pin 3 goes high for a short duration and supplies clock to the clock input (pin 3 CD4013). LED D2 is used as a response indicator.
This CMOS IC2 consists of two independent flip-flops though here only one is used. Note that the flip-flop is wired in toggle mode with data input (pin 5) connected to the Q (pin 2) output. On receipt of clock pulse, the Q output changes from low to high state and due to this the relay driver transistor T1 gets forward-biased. As a result the relay RL1 is energised.
20. Rangkaian Pengukur Jarak
sensor and cable making
21. Rangkaian Indikator Suhu Air.
Indikator Suhu AirNote:
- Op-Amp: LM324 or any quad opamp can be used or even four single op-amps.
- R2-R5: 330ohm resistors, but Lower values give brighter LED output.
- NTC1-4: Cold resistance was around 300K, hot resistance 15k. Alternative thermistors may be used with different resistance ranges, but the presets P1 to P4 must also be changed as well.
- R7-10: only required if your thermistors resistance is several ohms at the hottest temperature.
- P1 - P4: Chosen to match the resistance of the thermistor when cold.
- R1 & R6: 100k Resistor
Masking tape was used to stick the bead thermistors to the tank. Wires were soldered and insulated at the thermistors ends. A plastic box was used to house the circuit. Battery life will probably be 4 to 5 years depending on how often you use the push switch, SW1.
Thermistors NTC1-4 should be spread evenly over the height of the tank. I placed NTC1 roughly 4 inches from the top of my tank and the others were spaced evenly across the height of the hot water tank. As hot water rises the lowest sensor indicates the fullest height of hot water and should be about 8 to 10 inches from the bottom of the tank.
With a full tank of hot water adjust P1-4 so that all LED's are lit. As hot water rises, the sensor at the bottom of the tank will be the maximum level of hot water. 'Hot' can be translated as 50C to 80C the presets P1-4 allow adjustment of this range.
22. Rangkaian Speedometer Digital
Speedometer Digitalside of the disc, in line with the IR LED, a phototransistor is mounted. IC LM324 is wired as a comparator. When a hole appears between the IR LED and phototransistor, the phototransistor conducts. Hence the voltage at collector of the phototransistor and inverting input of LM324 go ‘low’, and thus output of LM324 becomes logic ‘high’. So rotation of the speedometer cable results in a pulse (square wave) at the output of LM324. The frequency of this waveform is proportional to the speed.
For a vehicle such as LML Vespa, with a wheel circumference of 1.38 metres, and number of pulses equal to 10 per revolution, we get the relationship:
This speedometer can measure up to 99 kmph with a resolution of 1 kmph. The range can be increased up to 999 kmph by adding another stage consisting of one each of ICs 7490, 74175, 7447 and a 7-segment display
23. Rangkaian pengukur jarak Digital
Pengukur jarak DigitalThis circuit measures the distance covered during a walk. Hardware is located in a small box slipped in pants' pocket and the display is conceived in the following manner: the leftmost display D2 (the most significant digit) shows 0 to 9 Km. and its dot is always on to separate Km. from hm. The rightmost display D1 (the least significant digit) shows hundreds meters and its dot illuminates after every 50 meters of walking. A beeper (excludable), signals each count unit, occurring every two steps.
Note:
- Experiment with placement and sloping degree of mercury switch inside the box: this is very critical.
- Try to obtain a pulse every two walking steps. Listening to the beeper is extremely useful during setup.
- Trim R6 value to change beeper sound power.
- Push P1 and P2 to reset.
- This circuit is primarily intended for walking purposes. For jogging, further great care must be used with mercury switch placement to avoid undesired counts.
- When the display is disabled current consumption is negligible, therefore SW3 can be omitted.
24. Rangkaian Sensor Pendeteksi Warna
Sensor Pendeteksi WarnaThis circuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system.
Note:
- Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
- Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
- Use good quality light filters.
The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only AND gates and NOT gates.
When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions.
25. Rangkaian Pengukur Suhu Air Digital
The IC CA3161 is a counter and 7segment LED driver to display amount of temperature on 7segments. About a temperature sensor is a diode which number 1N4148. This is like of the Car Radiator. Connect to the 5 Vdc power supply from Car Battery that you can use a LM7805 for +5Vdc regulation with low cost voltage regulator.
IC LM340A Sesor Suhu
Parameters IC LM340A
- Output Current: 1000 mA
- Output Voltage: 7.5, 12, 15, 8, 5 Volt
- Input Min Voltage: 7.5, 14.8, 10.5, 17.9 Volt
- Input Max Voltage: 35 Volt
- Temperature Min: 0 deg C
- Temperature Max: 70, 125 deg C
- RegType: Linear Regulator
IC CA3161E Description
Absolute Maximum Ratings IC CA3161E
- DC VSUPPLY (Between Terminals 1 and 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+7.0V
- Input Voltage (Terminals 1, 2, 6, 7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+5.5V
- Output Voltage
- Output “Off”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7V
- Output “On” (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +10V
IC CA3162E Description
Absolute Maximum Ratings IC CA3162E
- DC Supply Voltage (Between Pins 7 and 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7V
- Input Voltage (Pin 10 or 11 to Ground). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15V
- Temperature Range CA3162E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 to 75oC
- Temperature Range CA3162AE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40oC to 85oC
- Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150oC
- Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65oC to 150oC
- Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC.
26. Rangkaian Pengukur kecepatan Udaran
Transistors Q1 and Q2 are used for sensing the wind. The relationship between thermal impedance of the transistor and the surrounding wind speed is utilized here. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are wired so that the Vce of Q1 is higher than Q2 and therefore there will be a higher power dissipation. The wind causes cooling and so the Vce of Q1 changes. The ends in different power dissipations and different voltages across R10. This variation is detected by the opamp and amplified to produce the Vout which is proportional to the wind speed. For still air Vout will be 0V and at 75m/s wind speed the Vout will be 2.5V. A 3V FSD voltmeter connected across the Vout terminal and ground can be used as the display.
For proper working, the air must pass over both the transistors (Q1 and Q2).
The resistors used are not standard values. So you need to use the combination (series or parallel) of resistors to attain the specified values. Please note that the resistor values are very critical in this circuit.
IC LT1013 Description
Absolute maximum ratings IC LT1013
- Supply voltage : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +22 V/ –22 V
- Input voltage range, VI (any input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VCC– –5 V to VCC+
- Differential input voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 V
- Duration of short-circuit current at (or below) 25 C . . . . . . . . . . Unlimited
- Package thermal impedance, θJA : D package . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 C/W
- P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 C/W
- Case temperature for 60 seconds: FK package . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 C
- Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: D or P package . . . . 260 C
- JG package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 C
- Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65 C to 150 C
27. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Sinyal Electromagnetic
Features IC LF351
• Internally trimmed offset voltage: 10 mV
• Low input bias current: 50 pA
• Low input noise voltage: 25 nV/
• Low input noise current: 0.01 pA/
• Wide gain bandwidth: 4 MHz
• High slew rate: 13 V/µs
• Low supply current: 1.8 mA
• High inputimpedance: 1012 Ohm
• Low total harmonic distortion AV=10,: <0.02% RL=10k, VO=20 Vp-p, BW=20 Hz-20 kHz
• Low 1/f noise corner: 50 Hz
• Fast settling time to 0.01%: 2 µs
28. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Metal
Note:
The switch S1 can be a slide type ON/OFF switch.
The POT R1 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.
IC CS209A Description
The oscillator, along with an external LC network, provides controlled oscillations
where amplitude is highly dependent on the Q of the LC tank. During low Q conditions, a variable low-level feedback circuit provides drive to maintain oscillation. The peak demodulator senses the negative portion of the oscillator envelop and provides a demodulated waveform as input to the comparator. The comparator sets the states of the complementary outputs by comparing the input from the demodulator to an internal reference. External loads are required for the output pins. A transient suppression circuit is included to absorb negative transients
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage ................................................24V
Power Dissipation (TA = 125¡C)...............................200mW
Storage Temperature Range ..........................Ð55¡C to +165¡C
Junction Temperature................................Ð40¡C to +150¡C
Electrostatic Discharge (except TANK pin) ........................2kV
Lead Temperature Soldering
Wave Solder(through hole styles only) ......10 sec. max, 260¡C peak
Reflow (SMD styles only) ......60 sec. max above 183¡C, 230¡C peak
29. Rangkaian Sensor Parkir Mobil
Note:
- D1 & D2 must be mounted close (~2cm)
- D1 can be a general purpose IR LED.
- D2 can be general purpose IR photo diode with sun filter.
- Transmitter as well as receiver can be powered from the car battery.
- For proper working of the circuit, some trial and error is needed with the position of D1 and D2 on the dash board.
Features
Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
Large DC voltage gain 100 dB
Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
Wide power supply range:Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies ±1.5V to ±16V
Very low supply current drain (700 μA)—essentially
independent of supply voltage
Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature compensated)
Low input offset voltage 2 mV and offset current: 5 nA
Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ − 1.5V
30. Lampu otomatis menggunakan photocell (LDR)
photocell
A light sensor (photodetector) that varies its resistance between its two terminals based on the amount of photons (light) it receives. Used for photographic light meters, automatic on-at-dusk street lights and other light-sensitive applications, it is also called a 'light dependent resistor' (LDR) and 'photoresistor.'
The photocell's semiconductor material is typically cadmium sulfide (CdS), but other elements are also used. Photocells and photodiodes are used for similar applications; however, the photocell passes current bi-directionally, whereas the photodiode is unidirectional.
Photocells come in a variety of packages such as this assortment from PerkinElmer. As the photocell receives more photons, the resistance is lowered between the two terminals.
31. Rangkaian Pendeteksi (Sensor) Kelembaban Udara
Pendeteksi (Sensor) Kelembaban Udara32. Rangkaian Pendeteksi|Sensor Ketinggian Level Air
list Components of Water level Detection
- T1 - T5 BC 548 or 2N2222
- R1-R5 2.2K 1/4 W
- R6-R10 22K 1/4 W
- D1 - D5 LED’s
33. Rangkaian Pendeteksi obyek Dengan Infra Red
Infra red (infra red) is the diffraction wavelength elektromagnet more than its visible light is between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infra red rays of light is not visible. If viewed with the light spektroskop the infra red light radiation will be visible on the spectrum elektromagnet with wavelength on the wavelength red light. With this long wave infra red light so it will not appear by the heat radiation, but it still feels embossed / detected.because the infra red is not visible by naked eye so the idea arose to create a tool pendeteksi movement using infra red this
in the image below is the following circuit diagram of an infrared motion detector that can be used to sense intrusions. Infra red rays reflected from a static object will be in one phase, and the rays reflected from a moving object will be in another phase.The circuit uses this principle to sense the motion.
Skema Rangkaian Pendeteksi obyek Dengan Infra Red
how to work a circuit of Pendeteksi obyek Infra Red
NE 555 is wires as an astable multivibrator . IR diode connected at the output of this IC produces infrared beams of frequency 5Khz. These beams are picked by the photo transistor Q1 . At normal condition ie; when there is no intrusion the output pin (7) of IC2 will be low. When there is an intrusion the phase of the reflected waveforms has a difference in phase and this phase difference will be picked by the IC2. Now the pin 7 of the IC 2 goes high to indicate the intrusion. An LED or a buzzer can be connected at the output of the IC to indicate the intrusion.
Note:
- Comparators IC2a and IC2b are belonging to the same IC2 (LM1458).
- When there is disturbance in the air or vehicles passing nearby, the circuit may get false triggered.
- POT R5 can be used for sensitivity adjustment
34. Rangkaian Pendeteksi Air Hujan sederhana
Rangkain PendeteksiAir Hujancircuit of rain detector uses a sensor made of a small piece of etched PC board and a simple SCR circuit to detect rain and sound a buzzer. The SCR could also be used to activate a relay, turn on a lamp, or send a signal to a security system.
Component list of rain detector
- R1 1K 1/4 W Resistor
- R2 680 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
- D1 1N4001 Silicon Diode
- BZ1 12V Buzzer
- S1 SPST Switch
- SCR1 C106B1 SCR 106CY
- SENSOR
Make sure to use a loud buzzer.
35. Rangkaian Alat Bantu Pendengaran
The heart of the circuit is a constant-volume control amplifier. All the signals picked-up by the microphone are amplified at a constant level of about 1 Volt peak to peak. In this manner very low amplitude audio signals are highly amplified and high amplitude ones are limited. This operation is accomplished by Q3, modifying the bias of Q1 (hence its AC gain) by means of R2.
A noteworthy feature of this circuit is 1.5V battery operation.
List Component
36. Microphone Condenser Pre Amplifier Circuit
Condenser Pre Amplifier
R1,R2,R3 : 4.7k ohm resistor
R4, R5 : 10k ohm resistor
R6,R7 : 47k ohm resistor
C1, : 0.22uF ceramic capacitor
C2 : 1uF ceramic capacitor
Absolute maximum ratings of LM 1458 IC
Supply Voltage : ±18V
Power Dissipation : 400 mW
Differential Input Voltage : ±30V
Input Voltage : ±15V
Output Short-Circuit Duration: Continuous
Operating Temperature Range : 0°C to +70°C
Storage Temperature Range : −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature :(Soldering, 10 sec.) 260°C
37. Rangkaian Op-Amp (LM741) Pre-Amp Mic
Op-Amp Pre-Amp MicThis is the circuit of Op-Amp Microphone Preamplifier using a
Pengertian Ic Dan Jenis Nya
single power supply, this circuit suitable for dynamic or electret microphones. Nothing too special here. The Schematic is shown using a dynamic microphone, for use with an electret a pair of suitable biasing resistor is required to power the electret microphone.Skema rangkaian op-amp pre-amp mic
- use a capacitor with voltage 25volt or more
- so that the sound produced maximal use supplay good voltage, with output of 18 volts max
- If the desired strengthening of the different, you can change the value of R1 or R2
The design is a standard non-inverting design, the input is applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp, which is pin 3 in most cases. The input impedance is 23.5k, the overall voltage gain is determined by R2 and R1according to the following formula:
Vo = (R2 / R1) + 1
With the values of R2 and R1 on the diagram of the voltage gain (for mid band, 1kHz) is approximately 23x or 27.2dB.
Pinning IC Op-Amp LM741
38. Rangkaian Audio Mixer 6 Channel
The following is a main of the mixer-6 Ch circuit. The circuit constituted by six input channels. The channels are from monophonic channels CH 1-4 and CH 5-6, are intended for stereo use. The number of input channels they want as long Itself Can Increase You Want.
The output of Each channel drives the RV1-6, that regulation potesometer level of sound. With RV7-12 We create conditions of balance Between two channels (BALANCE). All the signals from the input channels in this point are added by two adders [IC1a-b], for Each channel Here exist two Trimmer TR1-2 That adjust the gain of Each IC, adapting the level of signal of the output, in the level That We Want. They Can be suppressed if you do not need something and Standard and Poor. The next stage is a equalizer, three bands of regulation. The IC3α-b, constitute the output of the mixer, they want a one acre have gain and they want the make the essential isolation of the previous stages, with the unit That We Will drives. For whoever they want want they want use headphones, it exists a classic circuit drive of headphones, round the IC2a-b, that give the output in the JF13. It Can Also Also exist optical clue of audio levels, with a stereo VUMETER.
List component
- R1-12=4.7Kohms
- R13-24=10Kohms
- R25-26=22Kohms .
- R27-30-34-39=100ohms
- R28-29-36-37=100Kohms
- R31-42=10Kohms
- R32-41=4.7Kohms
- R33-40=10Kohms
- R35-38=47ohms
- RV1..4=47Kohms Log.
- RV5-6-13=2X47Kohms Log.
- RV7..12=10Kohms Lin. pot. Log
- C1..8=10uF 25V
- C9-11=47pF ceramic or mylar
- C10-12=47uF 25V
- C13-14=100uF 25V
- C15-16=2.2uF 16V
- C18-21=100pF ceramic or mylar
- C19-20=220uF 25V
- TR1-2=4.7Kohms trimmer
- Q1-3=BD139
- Q2-4=BD140
- IC2=NE5532 - TL072
39. Microphone Komputer
Microphone KomputerTransistor BC413B operates in common emitter to give a slight boost to the mic signal. This is followed by an emitter follower stage using transistor BC547C. This is necessary as the mic and circuit and battery will be some distance from the sound card, the low output impedance of the circuit and screened cable ensuring a clean signal with minimum noise pickup.
Transistor BC413
- Collector Emitter Voltage VCEO 30 V
- Collector Base Voltage VCBO 45 V
- Emitter Base Voltage VEBO 5.0 V
- Collector Current Continuous IC 100 mA
- Power Dissipation at Ta=25ºC PD 350 Mw Derate Above 25ºC 2.8 mW/ºC
- Power Dissipation at Tc=25ºC PD 1.0 W Derate Above 25ºC 8.0 mW/ºC
- Operating and Storage Junction TJ, Tstg ºC - 55 to +150
Transistor BC547C
- Collector-Base Voltage VCBO (IE = 0) 50 V
- Collector-Emitter Voltage VCEO (IB = 0) 45 V
- Emitter-Base Voltage VEBO (IC = 0) 6 V
- Collector Current IC 100 mA
- Collector Peak Current ICM 200 mA
- Total Dissipation at Ptot TC = 25 oC 500 mW
- Storage Temperature Tstg -65 to 150 oC
- Operating Junction Temperature Tj Max. 150 oC
40. Rangkaian Pre-Amp Mic Condenser
Pre-Amp Mic CondenserPin BC109
- Emitter
- Base
- ollector, connected to the case
BC109 limiting values
collector-base voltage 30 V
collector-emitter voltage 20 V
Buku Persamaan Ic Dan Transistor Amplifiers
emitter-base voltage 5 Vcollector current (DC) 100 mA
peak collector current 200 mA
peak base current 200 mA
total power dissipation Tamb £ 25 °C - 300 mW
storage temperature 65 +150 °C
junction temperature 175 °C
operating ambient temperature -65 +150 °C
DC current gain (hFE) IC = 10 mA; VCE = 5 V 100 -- 270
41. Rangkaian Pre-Amp Mic 2 Transistor.
Transistor BC549 Absolute maximum rating
- VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter........30 V.
- VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base........30 V.
- VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector........5 V.
- IC collector current (DC)....................100 mA.
- ICM peak collector current...................200 mA.
- IBM peak base current......................200 mA.
- Ptot total powerdissipation Tamb £ 25 °C.........500 mW.
- Tstg storage temperature................... -65 to +150 °C.
- Tj junction temperature.....................150 °C.
- Tamb ambient temperature................... -65 to +150 °C.
- hFE DC current gain VCE = 5 V, IC = 2 mA .......420 to 800.
Transistor BC546 Absolute maximum rating
- VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter.........80 V.
- VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base.........65 V.
- VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector.........6 V.
- IC collector current (DC).....................100 mA.
- ICM peak collector current....................200 mA.
- IBM peak base current.......................200 mA.
- Ptot total power dissipation Tamb £ 25 °C......... 500 mW.
- Tstg storage temperature.................... -65 +150 °C.
- Tj junction temperature......................150 °C.
- Tamb operating ambient temperature ............-65 +150 °C.
- hFE DC current gain VCE = 5 V, IC = 10 mA.......150.
42. Hifi stereo pre-amp head
All signal processing is done within the TDA1524A by voltage controlled amplifiers and voltage controlled filters. The IC provides a fixed voltage (~ 3.8V DC) at pin 17, and this is used by all the variable resistors to provide an adjustable DC voltage to the appropriate control pins.
Current sensing is used to provide a flat response when R5 is connected to pin 17, and a loudness contour when disconnected. 100 nF capacitors are used on each pot to decouple any AC signals from the control inputs. 10 uF capacitors are used to couple both input and output audio signals whilst blocking DC. R1 and R2, are to ensure stability with capacitive loads. R3 and R4 make sure there are no DC spikes at the output sockets if the load is switched. C3 and C4 control the loudness contour. C5 and C6 control the treble turn-over frequency. C18 and C19 have been added to roll off the gain above 70 kHz. Low volume settings coupled with treble boost was causing HF instability in some instances. This should no longer be a problem.
C15, 16, 17 provide power supply filtering. D1 provides protection in case of incorrect supply polarity. The LED is a power on indicator and may be omitted if not required, or preferably mounted on the enclosure. If you are not using a switch pot, you can connect an external switch across the P1 switch pins, or connect a wire link there and switch the power supply.
The power supply is critical to the noise performance of the pre-amp head. An on board regulator is provided to reduce mains hum. If you wish to use it with a car or other 12V battery, then you should omit the 7812 regulator, and place a wire link between the regulator input and output pin positions on the PC board. Do not short to earth! This will be necessary because the regulator must have an input voltage at least 2-3V greater than it’s output, for it to maintain regulation. However the regulator will not be necessary with a battery supply.
If using a plug pack, it’s output voltage should be 15 to 18V DC. Because most plug packs have poor regulation, one rated at 12V DC will often be around 15V when lightly loaded. The current drain of the pre-amp is less than 50 mA, so many 12 V unregulated supplies may be adequate if you have one. Replace D1 with a wire link if necessary, making sure you have the supply polarity correct!
If you are using a 15-20V supply for your power amplifier, you can use that as your pre-amp supply as well. Make sure you test the voltage first in all cases.
43. Rangkaian Pre- Amp mic 3 input - lm741
• Use+15/-15 V DC dual power for powering this circuit.
• All inputs and output must be connected with respect to the ground.
• Capacitors C1, C2 and C3 must be rated 10V and other capacitors must be 30V.
General Description
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range, instead of −55°C to +125°C.
44. Rangkaian Microphone/Mic FM Wireless
List Component of Microphone/Mic Wireless
1 = 10K (brown-black-orange)
R2,R3 = 100K (brown-black-yellow)
R4 = 470 ohm (yellow-violet-brown)
C1,C3 = 4.7pF (4p7), ceramic
C2,C4 = 4.7uF-16V, electrolytic
C5 = 0.001uF (1nF), ceramic
C6 = 470pF, ceramic
Q1,Q2 = 2N2222, NPN transistor
L1 = 1uH, variable inductor
Mic = Electret mike, 2 wires
Q1 amplifies the input signal via C4 from the electret microphone. Q2 acts as an oscillator and the signal coming off C2 is fed onto the base of Q2. L1/C1 is a so called ‘tank’ circuit and operates in the 88-105MHz band on your regular AM/FM radio dial.
L1 is a 1uH variable inductor coil to be able to tune it a little bit, and the range of 1uH is approximate. The antenna can be as simple as a 8″ (21cm) piece of wire of any kind
45. Rangkaian Audio Mixer 3 Input
- The circuit can be assembled on a Vero board.
- The circuit can be powered from 9-25V DC.
- of each channel can be set using Variable resistor 10k
Transistors in the following series is enabled as a source of constant flow. By providing input audio signal on the emitter, the voltage on the emitter will fluctuate, which will cause the collector voltage also fluctuates. The amount of frequency fluctuation is comparable with the frequency of the incoming audio signal.
46. Circuits of audio pre-Amp mic
Simple audio Pre-Amp mic
This circuitsuse infront an RF oscilator to make an RF transmitter that is very sensitive to sound
47. Rangkaian Infra Red Remote Tester
Infra Red Remote TesterFollowing the specification of components installed
- Transistor BC557
- TSOP 1738 Sensor Infra Red
- R1 = 10k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
- R2 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
- R3 = 1k ohm ¼ watt Resistor
- BZ = piezo disc
- led
Features
- Photodetector and preamplifier circuit in the same casing.
- Receives and amplifies the infrared signal without any external component.
- 5 V output (active at level 0).
- 38 kHz integrated oscillator.
- High sensitivity.
- High level of immunity to ambient light.
- Improved shielding against electrical field interference.
- TTL and CMOS compatibility.
- Applications: infrared remote control.
- Supply: 5 V
- Power consumption: 0.4 to 1.0 mA
- Min. Ee irradiation: 0.35 mW/m2 typ.
- Angle of detection: 90
- Dimensions of the casing (mm): 12.5 x 10 x Thickness 5.8
- Temperature range: -25 C to +85 C
48. Rangkaian Remote Control Ultrasonic
Note:
- switch S1 can be a push button switch.
- The preset R16 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the receiver.
- The frequency of the ultrasonic signal can be varied by adjusting the preset R17.Adjust it for optimum performance.
The ultrasonic receiver uses an sensor transducer (K2) to sense the ultrasonic signals. When an ultrasonic signal is falling on the sensor, it produces a proportional voltage signal at its output. This weak signal is amplified by the two stage amplifier circuit comprising of transistors Q3 and Q4.The output of the amplifier is rectified by the diodes D3 & D4.The rectified signal is given to the inverting input of the opamp which is wired as a comparator. When ever there is an ultrasonic signal falling on the receiver, the output of the comparator activates the transistors Q5 & Q6 to drive the relay. In this way the load connected via the relay can be switched. The diode D5 is used as a free wheeling diode.
Features IC CA3140
- Very High Input Impedance (ZIN) -1.5TΩ (Typ)
- Very Low Input Current (Il) -10pA (Typ) at ±15V
- Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range (VlCR) - Can be wung 0.5V Below Negative Supply Voltage Rail
- Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode
- Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications
- Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
Pin Connection Ic NE 555
- Ground, is the input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage
- Trigger, negative input from the lower comparators (comparator B) that maintain oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1 / 3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop
- Output, the output pin of the IC 555.
- Reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC work. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to Vcc to prevent reset
- Control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the reference comparator A, usually associated with a capacitor of about 10nF to berorde pin groun
- Threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2 / 3 Vc
- Discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitternya. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the timing of certain
- Vcc, pin it to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally if given a 5-15V. the current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 10-15mA.
49. Rangkaian Remote Control IC 555
Ic 555 is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as 'The IC Time Machine'. It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5-kohm resistors used in typical early implementations, but Hanz Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003 it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).
The 556 is a 14-pin DIP that combines two 555s on a single chip. The 558 is a 16-pin DIP that combines four slightly modified 555s on a single chip (DIS & THR are connected internally, TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).
Also available are ultra-low power versions of the 555 such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less power.
The connection of ic 555 as follows:
- GND(1)Ground, low level (0V)
- TRIG(2)A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer
- OUT(3)During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC
- RESET(4)A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0V)
- CTRL (5)Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)
- THR (6)The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if U.thr → 2/3 VCC)
- DIS (7)Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval
- V+, VCC(8) The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V
50. Rangkaian Radio Remote Control Mobil Mainan
In this system, radio signals emanated not continue to be raised but only when the controller sends the right / left or forward / backward, that is only a radio frequency that discontinuous,so that the credit delivery frequency radio waves.
The amount of credit that is sent to represent the command post, the forward was represented with 8 credits, left represented with 16 credits, 32 credits right and Backward 64 credits. Commands can be sent is a combination of 2 commands, namely the combination of forward / backward and right / left, as an example can be sent forward and the left, in this case the amount of credit that is sent 24, the Answer of the forward and the balance of 8 the left as many as 16 credits.
Making transformer TX and RX:
Transformer wire to wire to use in the unloading of koker, and slowly open the wire coil inside the existing wire koker because it is quite smooth and easy to drop out
- coil wire from the foot of the number to 5 feet 4 hours direction (CW) of 3-and-roll at level 1 (line at the bottom line above)
- Scroll through the wire from 1 foot to 2 feet clockwise roll of 4 on the exact level 2.
- Continue to roll (from step 2) clockwise a quarter roll of 3 to 3 feet in three levels. (You can set exactly a quarter roll, because the path that has kokernya be split into 4).
Scroll through the copper wire diameter size of 0.3 - 0.5 mm of 10 quarter roll koker in diameter about 4 mm (which will be released later) is also clockwis
Making coil L2
Scroll through the copper wire diameter of 0.1 mm sizes of 50 on the roll without koker plastic ferit diameter about 3.5 - 4 mm (search item from the plastic material used) is also clockwise. The length of the coil along liputi in 5 mm
51. Remote Control infra Merah Sederhana
By using the NE 555 and LM 567, we can make the system infra red remote control. Remote control works based on this reading frequency signal that is sent, so that the transmitter frequency signal must be the same as the receive frequency. Frequency on the remote control transmitter is determined by the value R1 and C1 based on the following equation:Skema Rangkaian Remote Control Transmitter
Skema Rangkaianpenerima Remote Control
To simplify the process of tunning, R1 at the recipient install a remote control in the variable resistor (VR). while the transmitter constant value (resisitor tetep / normal). If a circuit of remote control has been completed on the raft, to know whether a circuit of working well, the first step must be done is make tunning, with the transmitter is turned on continuously, while R1 is set so that the recipient can detect the signal transmitter. If the tuning is successful, the relay recipient akan romote control switch position (nye-Tech), when it has happened means that a circuit of remote control is working well. to the next can try pressing the switch on the remote control at the sender (transmitter). should switch on when the press kutup relay at the remote recipients will move kutup (nye-Tech)
Buku Persamaan Ic Dan Transistor Amplifier Circuit
Rangkaian pre amp mic 2 transistor. IC (Integrated Circuit). Dan perbedaan produk rekayasa elektronik praktis dan otomatis,persamaan dan perbedaan produk. Feb 25, 2010 In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit. Transistor sebagai penguat Amplifier circuit. Perubahan arus kecil melalui basis transistor dan.
1 TransistorAmp helps you create your individual transistor amplifier with a few mouse clicks. TransistorAmp helps you create your individual transistor amplifier with a few mouse clicks. This tool has a very easy to use user interface. You start every.
Size: 618.5 KB, Price: Free, License: Freeware, Author: Stefan Bayer (en.transistoramp.de) 2 The name ReBirth is a natural progression from ReCycle, though other potential names were 'Transistor' (in reference to Transistor Bass, TB-303), and Transistor Rhythm (TR-808), as well as 'Kiruna,' an industrial and mining city i. Size: 0, Price: Free, License: Freeware, Author: Propellerhead Software (rebirthmuseum.com) 3 Ever worried a little about waking up in the past? 'Did I memorize enough important dates/events in school? Could I 'invent' the transistor and get crazy-rich? Wasn't there.
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Jump to navigationJump to searchThe 2N2222 is a common NPNbipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture.
The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor,[1][2][3] and is used as an exemplar of an NPN transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal transistor,[4][5] and it remains a small general purpose transistor[6] of enduring popularity.[7][8][9]
The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a 1962 IRE convention.[10] Since then it has been made by many semiconductor companies, for example, Texas Instruments.[11]
Specifications[edit]
The JEDEC registration of a device number ensures particular rated values will be met by all parts offered under that number. JEDEC registered parameters include outline dimensions, small-signal current gain, transition frequency, maximum values for voltage withstand, current rating, power dissipation and temperature rating, and others, measured under standard test conditions. Other part numbers will have different parameters. The exact specifications depend on the manufacturer, case type, and variation. Therefore, it is important to refer to the datasheet for the exact part number and manufacturer.
Manufacturer | Vce | Ic | PD | fT |
---|---|---|---|---|
ST Microelectronics[12] 2N2222A | 40 V | 800 mA | 500 mW/1.8 W | 300 MHz |
All variations have a beta or current gain (hfe) of at least 100 in optimal conditions. It is used in a variety of analog amplification and switching applications.
Other NPN switching transistors[edit]
NPN silicon transistors with similar properties are also made in a variety of small through-hole and surface mount packages including TO-92, SOT-23, and SOT-223.
Replacements for the 2N2222 are commonly available now in the cheaper TO-92 packaging, where it is known as the PN2222 or P2N2222, which has similar specifications except for the lower maximum collector current.[13] The P2N2222 has a different order of pins than the metal case 2N2222, with its emitter and collector connections switched; other plastic-case transistors also have different pinouts.
Single transistors are also available in several different surface mount packages, and a number of manufacturers market surface mount packages that incorporate several 2N2222-type transistors in one package as an array of transistors. The general specifications of the various variants are similar, with the biggest difference being the maximum allowable current and power dissipation.
The BC548 is a low voltage, low current, general-purpose switching transistor in a TO-92 package.
The 2N2907 is an equally popular PNP transistor complementary to the 2N2222.[14]
The 2N3904 is an NPN transistor that can only switch one-third the current of the 2N2222 but has otherwise similar characteristics. The 2N3904 exhibits its forward gain (beta) peak at a lower current than the 2N2222, and is useful in amplifier applications with reduced Ic, e.g., (gain peak at 10 mA for the 2N3904 but 150 mA for the 2N2222).
The 2N2219 is very similar with higher power dissipation rating.
Part numbers[edit]
The 2N2222 (NPN) and 2N2907 (PNP) are complementary transistor pairs.
BJT | Thru-hole | Surface-mount | |
---|---|---|---|
TO92 | SOT23 | SOT223 | |
NPN | 2N2222 | MMBT2222 | PZT2222A |
PNP | 2N2907 | MMBT2907 | PZT2907A |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Dan O'Sullivan, Tom Igoe; 'Physical Computing'; Cengage Learning; pp.19; 2004; ISBN1-59200-346-X
- ^Brad Graham, Kathy McGowan; 'Mind Performance Projects for the Evil Genius'; McGraw Hill Professional; pp.18; 2010; ISBN978-0-07-162392-6
- ^Brad Graham, Kathy McGowan; '51 High-Tech Practical Jokes for the Evil Genius'; McGraw Hill Professional; pp.12; 2007; ISBN978-0-07-149494-6
- ^Gordon McComb; 'The Robot Builder's Bonanza'; McGraw-Hill Professional; 2001; pp.261; ISBN978-0-07-136296-2
- ^William Rynone; 'Linear Active Circuits — Design and Analysis'; Artech House; pp.19; 1986; ISBN0-89006-199-8
- ^Dennis Barnaal, 'Analog and Digital Electronics for Scientific Application'; Breton Publishers; pp.301; 1982; ISBN0-534-01044-X
- ^Rudolf F. Graf and William Sheets (2001). Build your own low-power transmitters: projects for the electronics experimenter. Newnes. p. 14. ISBN978-0-7506-7244-3.
The 2N2222, 2N2905, and 2N3055 devices, for example, which date back to the 1960s but have been improved, are still useful in new designs and are still popular for experimenters.
- ^Ed Da Silva (2001). High frequency and microwave engineering. Newnes. p. 263. ISBN978-0-7506-5046-5.
Typical examples are the well known NPN and PNP industrial and military types, 2N2222 and 2N2907, which have been used for over four decades and are still being used in many designs.
- ^Jack Ward. 'THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2N2222: The Most Successful and Widely Used Transistor Ever Developed!'. The Transistor Museum. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Since its initial product launch by Motorola at the 1962 IRE Convention, the 2N2222 has become the most widely used and universally recognized transistor of all time. Billions of units have been manufactured over the past 45 years and there is continuing high volume annual production.
- ^http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/Motorola/Haenichen/Haenichen_Page11.htm Haenichen oral history retrieved from the Semiconductor Museum 2011 May 13
- ^The Transistor and Diode Data Book for Design Engineers, Texas Instruments Incorporated, no date, TI publication number CC413 71242-73-CSS, page 4-93
- ^http://www.st.com/st-web-ui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/datasheet/CD00003223.pdf Datasheet accessed 2013-10-26
- ^http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/PN/PN2222.pdf Retrieved 3 June 2012
- ^Dave Hrynkiw and Mark W. Tilden (2002). Junkbots, bugbots, and bots on wheels: building simple robots with BEAM technology. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 44. ISBN978-0-07-222601-0.
Learn to keep an eye open for the following transistors, as they're among the most useful, inexpensive, and popular types: PN2222/PN2907 These are general-purpose NPN/PNP transistors that can drive some good amounts of power. They're listed together because they're complementary transistors.
Further reading[edit]
- Historical Databooks
- Small-Signal Transistor Data Book, 1386 pages, 1984, Motorola.
- Transistor and Diode Data Book, 1236 pages, 1973, Texas Instruments.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2N2222. |
- Datasheet for 2N2222A Hi-reliability equivalent (PDF) by Microsemi
Diode (Ultra Fast, Schottky)
URIJG 1548 1A Diode kacang
BYM26C 2,A 600V Dioda kacang Philips Foto
1N5408 3A 1000V Dioda kacang Foto
RGP10G 1A 400V Vishay fast diode
RG2A 1A 600V Sanken Japan fast diode Foto
RU3 1,5A 400V Sanken Japan fast diode
RU3C 1,5A 1000V Sanken Japan fast diode
UG2G 2A 400V Gulfsemi Ultrafast Recovery Foto
20NFA40-FA1 2A 400V FRED/Ultra fast NIEC Japan
ER206 2A 600V Super Fast Recovery
RL2Z 2A 200V Sanken Japan fast diode Foto
RK36 2A 60V Schottky Diode Sanken Japan Foto
RM3A 2,5A 600V Sanken Japan Foto
SF34 3A 200V Ultra fast Recovery
MUR 460 4A 600V Ultra Fast Rec Foto
FMB-G24H 10A 40V Schottky (High frequency rectifier) Foto
Zener Diode
TZP33A/ 1N4752A Vishay 33V 1W
TVS Diode
1N5908 Motorola 6V 1500W
1N6290A 1.5KE 62A Motorola 62/53V 1500W
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Avalanche Diode
RM26 Sanken Japan Vrm=50V Izsm=3A Foto
Description
Avalanche occurs in diodes when the voltage across a diode exceeds a specified value. An avalanche diode is a diode that is designed to break down and conduct at a specified reverse bias voltage. This is somewhat similar, but not identical to Zener breakdown.
When avalanche occurs in a typical diode or other semiconductor, it generally causes catastrophic failure. However, if the diode is designed to control the avalanche phenomenon, the diode can tolerate avalanche caused by overvoltage, and remain undamaged. Thus, avalanche type diodes are often used in protecting circuits against transient high voltages which otherwise would damage the circuit.
Avalanche breakdown is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials. It is a form of electric current multiplication that can allow very large currents to flow within materials which are otherwise good insulators. Avalanche breakdown can occur within solids, liquids, or gases when the voltage applied across the insulating material is great enough to accelerate free electrons to the point that, when they strike atoms in the material, they can knock other electrons free.
Avalanche occurs extremely quickly, and as a result, avalanche diodes are the fastest surge-suppression devices. Applications include protection against transients, such as in high voltage or inductive circuits, and when putting diodes in series.
Applications for Avalanche Diodes
Avalanche type diodes can result in increased reliability in many applications, particularly those where voltage transients are expected. Due to its high speed and ability to withstand large numbers of transients, avalanche diodes are used to protect circuits against surges, lightning and other transients. They are faster than MOV’s, zeners, and gas tubes.
Avalanche diodes are the diode type of choice in high voltage circuits, such as high voltage multipliers, due to possibility of transients caused by arcs, pulses, etc.
Another usage for rectifiers with avalanche capability is putting individual diodes in series to obtain higher reverse voltage capability. The voltage normally divides in proportion to the reverse resistance of each diode. Since there could be large variation in the reverse resistance, the voltage may not divide equally across the series string of diodes. A transient of sufficient amplitude will drive the voltage across one or more diodes into the breakdown region. A typical diode will exhibit catastrophic failure when this occurs. However, avalanche type diodes will cause the voltage to divide much more evenly. Also, the avalanche diode is capable of protecting itself by handling transient energy, providing it does not exceed the energy rating of the diode. Thus, whenever diodes are connected in series to increase the voltage rating, avalanche diodes should be used.
Inductive loads, upon interruption, generate voltage transients. Particular care should be exercised when specifying rectifiers for these applications, especially for the freewheeling diode placed across and inductive load. Motors, relays, solenoids and motor starters are typical of equipment, which are capable of rupturing ordinary silicon rectifiers. Unless it can be clearly shown that the peak inductive transient voltage cannot exceed the voltage rating of the diode, avalanche diodes are the preferred type for this application.
Summary
Avalanche diodes are designed to break down at a well-defined reverse voltage without being destroyed. Diodes designed to control this phenomenon are called avalanche diodes. They are well suited for use in protective applications, inductive circuits, high voltage circuits and when connecting diodes in series. In many applications, avalanche diodes will survive while normal diodes will fail. Thus, use of avalanche diodes in selected applications can result in improved reliability.
Snubber Diode
SARS02 Sanken 1,25A 800V Use in SMPS with flyback Foto
Damper Diode
RH3F Sanken 2,5A 1500V Foto
Diode Bridge
S1NB60 1A 600V Foto
6F Bridge besar Foto kanan
RB-150 Sanken 1,5A 70V Foto
GBU4J 4A 600V Vishay diode bridge Foto
RS808 8A 800V
MIC MB3510 35A 1000V
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Transistor, Mosfet
BU2708AF (High voltage Vceo = 825V; Ic = 8A, high speed switching NPN transistor)
IRF Z34N N- ch Power Mosfet 55V 29A
2SK2128 N-ch Mosfet 800V 2A
2SK727 N- ch Power Mosfet 900V 5A
2SK3659 Switching N Mosfet
7N60 high voltage power MOSFET
IRF3710 HEXFET® Power MOSFET
2SK3568 12A 500V N Ch Toshiba (49)
2SK3569 10A 600V Toshiba (11)
2SK3667 10A 600V N Ch (9)
2SK3683 19A 500V FU? (14)
2SK3799 8A 900V N ch Toshiba (11)
2SK4014 6A 900V N ch (2)
2SK4143 20A 60V N-ch (1)
2SK3115B 6A 600V N-ch (4)
2N4392 J-FET gold leadsFoto
9012
9013
MPS2222A
KSP2222A NPN 40V 0.6A 300MHz Fairchild Foto
KTD863 NPN 60V 1A 150MHz KEC Foto
STS733 PNP (=2SA733) 100MHz General Purpose amplifier (1000 pcs)
STD1862 NPN 30V 2A Audio Power Amplifier (500 pc)
2SA1206 PNP general purpose amplifier & high speed switching app Datasheet
2SK63 JFET,N-CHANNEL,TO-9 120V, 0,2A, 0,47W
2SC2786 Foto
2SC4769
2SD2375P Panasonic (made in Japan) hFE 800-1500, NPN, 60V, 3A FotoDatasheet
BF173
MC79L05CP Gold plate
LM317T
LED 2 warna (kaki 3) Foto
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Overcurrent Protector
Berfungsi sbg circuit protector thd short circuit load. Beroperasi di circuit AC/ DC, memiliki internal resistance yg rendah. Memutus circuit dengan cepat dan aman saat melebihi arus max.
ICP-N25 Max current 1A 50V 'Rohm'
ICP-N38 Max current 1,5A 50V 'Rohm'
SIP25 Max current 1A 50V
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Germanium Transistor
2SA49 Toshiba PNP
2SA53 Toshiba PNP Foto
2SA102 Matsushita PNP
2SA202 Sanyo
2SA350 Hitachi
2SA468 Toshiba
AD161 GERMANIUM Alloy Power transistor NPN /32V/1A/4W
AD162 GERMANIUM Alloy Power transistor PNP/32V/1A/4W
AD161 Datasheet
AD164
Power Audio
LM1875T (original)
LM3886T (original)
LM4700TF (original) 30Wx2 with Mute & Standby mode Foto
LM4700TF secara garis besar hampir sama pinoutnya dg LM3886TF.
LA42152 15Wx2 stereo power amplifier
TDA7294 100W
MJL 21193 16 A, 250 V PNP Bipolar
MJL 21194 17 A, 250 V NPN Bipolar
AN274 1.3 W AUDIO POWER AMP 10-LEAD METAL CAN
IC, Regulator, DC converter
24C04 EEPROM Atmel 512x8 (4K)
24C08 EEPROM TI 1024x8 (8K)
24C16 EEPROM 2Kx8
NE555
TL494
RC4558P texas
UC3843 Current-Mode PWM Controller
ULN2003
STM1240 Sanken STM1240
TNY266PN
LT1072HVCT 1,25A DC to DC converter 100kHz, max input 60V, max output 75V
LT1070HVCT 5A DC to DC converter 100kHz, max input 60V, max output 75V
Regulator Sanken (kaki 5)
Dropper type
3033C 3.3V 1.5A
3120J 12V 2A
Switching type
8033S 3.3V 3A
8050J 5V 1.5A
8090S 9V 3A
8120S 12V 3A
8150S 15V 3A
0855 888 1112
Gading Serpong, Tangerang / JNE